History Charts — Family Trees, Historical Timelines & Evolution

History ChartsExplore 159 interactive history charts: royal family trees, dynasties, world history timelines, religious genealogies and evolutionary trees.

House of Árpád: House of Árpád. Medieval Hungarian royal dynasty whose kings also ruled Croatia.

House of Aviz: House of Aviz. Portuguese royal dynasty established by John I after the crisis of 1383–1385.

House of Bernadotte: House of Bernadotte. Swedish royal dynasty established by the French-born Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte.

House of Bonaparte: House of Bonaparte. Corsican noble family that produced two French emperors and several European monarchs.

House of Borgia: House of Borgia. Valencian noble family prominent in papal politics and the duchy of Gandía.

House of Bourbon: House of Bourbon. Capetian dynasty with royal branches in France, Spain and the Italian states.

House of Braganza: House of Braganza. Portuguese ducal dynasty that restored Portuguese royal independence in 1640.

House of Capet: House of Capet. Direct royal line descended from Hugh Capet; ancestral house of Valois and Bourbon.

House of Douglas: House of Douglas. Scottish noble house with powerful Black Douglas and Red Douglas branches.

House of Este: House of Este. Italian princely dynasty that ruled Ferrara, Modena and Reggio.

House of Esterházy: House of Esterházy. Hungarian magnate family with comital and princely branches.

House of Farnese: House of Farnese. Italian noble house that ruled the duchies of Parma and Piacenza.

House of Glücksburg: House of Glücksburg. Oldenburg cadet branch that supplied monarchs to Denmark, Greece and Norway.

House of Gonzaga: House of Gonzaga. Ruling family of Mantua with cadet branches including Nevers and Sabbioneta.

House of Grimaldi: House of Grimaldi. Genoese-origin dynasty associated with the principality of Monaco.

House of Habsburg: House of Habsburg. Dynasty whose Austrian and Spanish branches shaped early modern Europe.

House of Habsburg-Lorraine: House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Dynasty descended from Maria Theresa of Habsburg and Francis Stephen of Lorraine.

House of Hanover: House of Hanover. Welf branch that ruled Great Britain from 1714 and the Kingdom of Hanover from 1814.

House of Hohenzollern: House of Hohenzollern. Dynasty of Brandenburg electors, Prussian kings and German emperors.

House of Howard: House of Howard. English ducal family associated with the dukedom of Norfolk and Tudor court politics.

House of Jagiellon: House of Jagiellon. Gediminid branch that ruled Poland-Lithuania and held the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary.

House of Karađorđević: House of Karađorđević. Serbian dynasty that later ruled the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Yugoslavia.

House of Komnenos: House of Komnenos. Byzantine aristocratic family that became an imperial dynasty.

House of Lancaster: House of Lancaster. Plantagenet branch that supplied three kings of England during the fifteenth century.

House of Liechtenstein: House of Liechtenstein. Central European princely family that gave its name to the sovereign principality.

House of Luxembourg: House of Luxembourg. Medieval dynasty of counts, kings of Bohemia and Holy Roman emperors.

House of Medici: House of Medici. Florentine banking family whose branches became dukes and grand dukes and produced popes and queens.

House of Nemanjić: House of Nemanjić. Medieval Serbian dynasty of grand princes, kings and emperors.

House of Neville: House of Neville. English noble family prominent in the northern marches and the Wars of the Roses.

House of Obrenović: House of Obrenović. Serbian princely and royal dynasty that alternated in power with the Karađorđević family.

House of Oldenburg: House of Oldenburg. German-origin royal dynasty with Danish, Norwegian and numerous cadet branches.

House of Orange-Nassau: House of Orange-Nassau. Nassau dynasty associated with the Dutch revolt, the stadtholderate and the Dutch monarchy.

House of Orléans: House of Orléans. Bourbon cadet branch founded by Philippe, brother of Louis XIV.

House of Palaiologos: House of Palaiologos. The final ruling dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, with branches including Montferrat.

House of Percy: House of Percy. Northern English noble family associated with the earldom of Northumberland.

House of Piast: House of Piast. Poland’s first historical ruling dynasty, later divided into many territorial ducal branches.

House of Plantagenet: House of Plantagenet. Angevin royal dynasty whose descendants included the houses of Lancaster and York.

House of Přemyslid: House of Přemyslid. Bohemian ducal and royal dynasty with collateral branches in Moravia and Silesia.

House of Radziwiłł: House of Radziwiłł. Lithuanian magnate family whose branches held the title of princes of the Holy Roman Empire.

House of Romanov: House of Romanov. Russian royal and imperial dynasty, continued through Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov after 1762.

House of Rurik: House of Rurik. Dynastic family of Rus’ with many princely branches, including the rulers of Moscow.

House of Savoy: House of Savoy. Dynasty of Savoyard dukes and Sardinian kings, later kings of unified Italy.

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Ernestine Wettin branch whose members entered the royal houses of Britain, Belgium and other states.

House of Sforza: House of Sforza. Condottieri family that became the ducal dynasty of Milan.

House of Stuart: House of Stuart. Scottish royal house that united the Scottish and English crowns in 1603.

House of Trastámara: House of Trastámara. Castilian royal dynasty with branches in Aragon, Navarre and Naples.

House of Tudor: House of Tudor. Welsh-origin royal house that ruled England from 1485 to 1603.

House of Valois: House of Valois. Capetian branch that held the French crown from 1328 to 1589.

House of Vasa: House of Vasa. Swedish noble house that became a royal dynasty in Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

House of Welf: House of Welf. Ducal dynasty of Saxony and Bavaria, ancestral to the Brunswick and Hanover lines.

House of Wettin: House of Wettin. Saxon dynasty divided into Ernestine and Albertine branches in 1485.

House of Windsor: House of Windsor. Name adopted by the British royal house in 1917 during the reign of George V.

House of Wittelsbach: House of Wittelsbach. Bavarian and Palatine dynasty with branches that held several European crowns.

House of York: House of York. Plantagenet cadet branch associated with the Yorkist kings and the Wars of the Roses.

Abraham, Sarah and the patriarchal families: Abraham, Sarah and the patriarchal families. Selected family relationships in Judaism & Christianity. Genesis 11, 16, 21–25. The Bible and Qur’an have distinct presentations of shared figures.

Jacob, his children and their mothers: Jacob, his children and their mothers. Selected family relationships in Judaism & Christianity. Genesis 29–30, 35 and 41. Includes Dinah and the mothers, not only the twelve sons.

Levi, Moses, Aaron and the priestly family: Levi, Moses, Aaron and the priestly family. Selected family relationships in Judaism & Christianity. Exodus 6 and 18; Numbers 26:59. Genealogical generations may be telescoped in biblical texts.

Ruth, Boaz and the ancestry of David: Ruth, Boaz and the ancestry of David. Selected family relationships in Judaism & Christianity. The lineage follows Ruth 4; it does not merge the differing New Testament genealogies.

Muhammad’s family and the Ahl al-Bayt: Muhammad’s family and the Ahl al-Bayt. Selected family relationships in Islam. Selected commonly reported genealogy. Traditions differ on the scope of Ahl al-Bayt and some family attributions; this chart follows the linked biographical overview.

Families in the Qur’an: Abraham and Mary: Families in the Qur’an: Abraham and Mary. Selected family relationships in Islam. Qur’an 2:133, 12:6, 3:35–45 and 19:7–34. Separate families remain separate: no invented connecting ancestors and no divine parentage edge.

The Buddha’s family in Buddhist tradition: The Buddha’s family in Buddhist tradition. Selected family relationships in Buddhism. Buddhist biographies vary; this chart keeps biological parentage distinct from fostering.

Rama’s family in the Ramayana: Rama’s family in the Ramayana. Selected family relationships in Hinduism. Epic genealogy; versions and regional retellings differ. The chart does not assign historical calendar dates to epic figures.

All cellular life: All cellular life. An overview of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota. Viruses are excluded: their status as living entities is debated and they do not share a single cellular lineage.

Mammals: Mammals. Explore major groups and selected representatives of mammals, with sourced names and classification links.

Birds: Birds. Explore major groups and selected representatives of birds, with sourced names and classification links.

Ray-finned fishes: Ray-finned fishes. Ray-finned fishes are one major fish lineage. This chart does not treat all fish as a clade excluding land vertebrates.

Sharks, rays and chimaeras: Sharks, rays and chimaeras. Explore major groups and selected representatives of sharks, rays and chimaeras, with sourced names and classification links.

Amphibians: Amphibians. Explore major groups and selected representatives of amphibians, with sourced names and classification links.

Reptiles, including birds: Reptiles, including birds. Birds are nested within reptiles. Selected bird groups are included here, with a separate chart for birds.

Insects: Insects. Explore major groups and selected representatives of insects, with sourced names and classification links.

Arachnids: Arachnids. Explore major groups and selected representatives of arachnids, with sourced names and classification links.

Molluscs: Molluscs. Explore major groups and selected representatives of molluscs, with sourced names and classification links.

Crustaceans and their hexapod relatives: Crustaceans and their hexapod relatives. Pancrustacea includes traditional crustaceans and hexapods, including insects.

Cnidarians: Cnidarians. Explore major groups and selected representatives of cnidarians, with sourced names and classification links.

Echinoderms: Echinoderms. Explore major groups and selected representatives of echinoderms, with sourced names and classification links.

Green plants: Green plants. Explore major groups and selected representatives of green plants, with sourced names and classification links.

Flowering plants: Flowering plants. Explore major groups and selected representatives of flowering plants, with sourced names and classification links.

Fungi: Fungi. Explore major groups and selected representatives of fungi, with sourced names and classification links.

Bacteria: Bacteria. Explore major groups and selected representatives of bacteria, with sourced names and classification links.

Primates: Primates. Explore major groups and selected representatives of primates, with sourced names and classification links.

Carnivorans: Carnivorans. Explore major groups and selected representatives of carnivorans, with sourced names and classification links.

Beetles: Beetles. Explore major groups and selected representatives of beetles, with sourced names and classification links.

Butterflies and moths: Butterflies and moths. Explore major groups and selected representatives of butterflies and moths, with sourced names and classification links.

All cellular life — detailed: All cellular life — detailed. An overview of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota. Viruses are excluded: their status as living entities is debated and they do not share a single cellular lineage.

Mammals — detailed: Mammals — detailed. Explore major groups and selected representatives of mammals, with sourced names and classification links.

Birds — detailed: Birds — detailed. Explore major groups and selected representatives of birds, with sourced names and classification links.

Ray-finned fishes — detailed: Ray-finned fishes — detailed. Ray-finned fishes are one major fish lineage. This chart does not treat all fish as a clade excluding land vertebrates.

Reptiles, including birds — detailed: Reptiles, including birds — detailed. Birds are nested within reptiles. Selected bird groups are included here, with a separate chart for birds.

Insects — detailed: Insects — detailed. Explore major groups and selected representatives of insects, with sourced names and classification links.

Crustaceans and their hexapod relatives — detailed: Crustaceans and their hexapod relatives — detailed. Pancrustacea includes traditional crustaceans and hexapods, including insects.

Green plants — detailed: Green plants — detailed. Explore major groups and selected representatives of green plants, with sourced names and classification links.

Flowering plants — detailed: Flowering plants — detailed. Explore major groups and selected representatives of flowering plants, with sourced names and classification links.

England: crowns and dynasties: England: crowns and dynasties. Explore 57 documented periods of rule across 15 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Scotland: kings, queens and competing houses: Scotland: kings, queens and competing houses. Explore 49 documented periods of rule across 8 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Wales: the rulers and dynasties of Gwynedd: Wales: the rulers and dynasties of Gwynedd. Explore 37 documented periods of rule across 6 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Ireland: the kings of Munster: Ireland: the kings of Munster. Explore 45 documented periods of rule across 12 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

France: from the Franks to the royal houses: France: from the Franks to the royal houses. Explore 68 documented periods of rule across 14 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Navarre: a kingdom across the Pyrenees: Navarre: a kingdom across the Pyrenees. Explore 58 documented periods of rule across 12 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Portugal: Burgundian origins to Braganza: Portugal: Burgundian origins to Braganza. Explore 38 documented periods of rule across 6 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Castile: counts, kings and dynastic unions: Castile: counts, kings and dynastic unions. Explore 28 documented periods of rule across 5 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Aragon: a Mediterranean crown: Aragon: a Mediterranean crown. Explore 32 documented periods of rule across 6 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Asturias and León: the northern kingdoms: Asturias and León: the northern kingdoms. Explore 58 documented periods of rule across 7 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Spain: rival kingdoms and ruling families: Spain: rival kingdoms and ruling families. Compare ruling families with the kingdoms, caliphates and composite crowns of Iberia. Includes Castilian, Aragonese, Navarrese and Spanish reigns alongside Muslim polities and Portugal.

The Holy Roman Empire: elected kings and emperors: The Holy Roman Empire: elected kings and emperors. Explore 64 documented periods of rule across 16 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Austria: Babenberg and Habsburg rulers: Austria: Babenberg and Habsburg rulers. Explore 75 documented periods of rule across 30 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Bohemia: Přemyslids, Luxembourgs and successors: Bohemia: Přemyslids, Luxembourgs and successors. Explore 70 documented periods of rule across 17 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Hungary: Árpád and the contested crown: Hungary: Árpád and the contested crown. Explore 65 documented periods of rule across 12 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Poland: Piasts, Jagiellons and elected kings: Poland: Piasts, Jagiellons and elected kings. Explore 47 documented periods of rule across 12 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Lithuania: grand dukes and the Polish union: Lithuania: grand dukes and the Polish union. Explore 37 documented periods of rule across 14 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Denmark: kings and northern unions: Denmark: kings and northern unions. Explore 56 documented periods of rule across 8 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Norway: royal houses and Scandinavian unions: Norway: royal houses and Scandinavian unions. Explore 69 documented periods of rule across 18 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Sweden: rival houses and the Baltic kingdom: Sweden: rival houses and the Baltic kingdom. Explore 61 documented periods of rule across 11 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Byzantium: emperors of the eastern Roman world: Byzantium: emperors of the eastern Roman world. Explore 97 documented periods of rule across 16 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Bulgaria: khans, tsars and imperial dynasties: Bulgaria: khans, tsars and imperial dynasties. Explore 45 documented periods of rule across 13 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Serbia: medieval rulers and successor houses: Serbia: medieval rulers and successor houses. Explore 83 documented periods of rule across 11 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Croatia: native rulers and shared crowns: Croatia: native rulers and shared crowns. Explore 85 documented periods of rule across 17 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Rus and Russia: princes, tsars and emperors: Rus and Russia: princes, tsars and emperors. Explore 111 documented periods of rule across 10 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Wallachia: princes between Hungary and the Ottomans: Wallachia: princes between Hungary and the Ottomans. Explore 65 documented periods of rule across 23 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Moldavia: princes of an eastern borderland: Moldavia: princes of an eastern borderland. Explore 59 documented periods of rule across 22 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Savoy: Alpine counts, dukes and kings: Savoy: Alpine counts, dukes and kings. Explore 76 documented periods of rule across 22 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Milan: Visconti, Sforza and foreign crowns: Milan: Visconti, Sforza and foreign crowns. Explore 36 documented periods of rule across 7 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Sicily: a crossroads of ruling houses: Sicily: a crossroads of ruling houses. Explore 41 documented periods of rule across 9 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Naples: Angevin, Aragonese and later rulers: Naples: Angevin, Aragonese and later rulers. Explore 32 documented periods of rule across 10 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Venice: the republic and its doges: Venice: the republic and its doges. Explore 113 documented periods of rule across 3 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Burgundy: dukes and dynastic inheritances: Burgundy: dukes and dynastic inheritances. Explore 20 documented periods of rule across 3 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Brittany: rulers of an Atlantic duchy: Brittany: rulers of an Atlantic duchy. Explore 42 documented periods of rule across 11 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Bavaria: ducal houses and divided rule: Bavaria: ducal houses and divided rule. Explore 122 documented periods of rule across 28 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Saxony: dukes, electors and kings: Saxony: dukes, electors and kings. Explore 184 documented periods of rule across 53 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Brandenburg: the rise of the Hohenzollerns: Brandenburg: the rise of the Hohenzollerns. Explore 72 documented periods of rule across 20 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Flanders: counts between France and the empire: Flanders: counts between France and the empire. Explore 49 documented periods of rule across 8 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Holland: counts and the Low Countries: Holland: counts and the Low Countries. Explore 28 documented periods of rule across 4 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Jerusalem: crusader kings and rival claims: Jerusalem: crusader kings and rival claims. Explore 23 documented periods of rule across 6 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

The Ottoman Empire: sultans and succession: The Ottoman Empire: sultans and succession. Explore 42 documented periods of rule across 1 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Persia: shahs and imperial succession: Persia: shahs and imperial succession. Explore 283 documented periods of rule across 29 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Japan: emperors through the centuries: Japan: emperors through the centuries. Explore 101 documented periods of rule across 7 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

China: emperors of Tang and Song: China: emperors of Tang and Song. Explore 30 documented periods of rule across 2 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Delhi: the sultanate and its ruling houses: Delhi: the sultanate and its ruling houses. Explore 32 documented periods of rule across 5 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

India: Mughal emperors and their predecessors: India: Mughal emperors and their predecessors. Explore 54 documented periods of rule across 6 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Egypt: pharaohs and royal dynasties: Egypt: pharaohs and royal dynasties. Explore 122 documented periods of rule across 23 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Ethiopia: emperors of the highlands: Ethiopia: emperors of the highlands. Explore 67 documented periods of rule across 5 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Korea: kingdoms and royal succession: Korea: kingdoms and royal succession. Explore 74 documented periods of rule across 7 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Vietnam: emperors and competing dynasties: Vietnam: emperors and competing dynasties. Explore 34 documented periods of rule across 13 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Georgia: kingdoms of the Caucasus: Georgia: kingdoms of the Caucasus. Explore 154 documented periods of rule across 31 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Armenia: kings and dynastic crossroads: Armenia: kings and dynastic crossroads. Explore 49 documented periods of rule across 8 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

The Papacy: the medieval bishops of Rome: The Papacy: the medieval bishops of Rome. Explore 199 documented periods of rule across 1 source groupings. Compare succession, overlapping claims and changes of ruling house. The collection follows the linked lists; it is a selected chronology, not an exhaustive political history.

Human civilization: a connected world: Human civilization: a connected world. From the first cities to large empires: compare 80 cultural traditions, kingdoms and periods across the world.

The ancient world: cities, kingdoms and empires: The ancient world: cities, kingdoms and empires. Compare the societies of the Bronze and Iron Ages across Africa, Eurasia and the Americas.

The medieval world beyond Europe: The medieval world beyond Europe. A comparative view of African, Asian and American states alongside the eastern Mediterranean, approximately 500–1500 CE.

A history of ideas: thinkers across cultures: A history of ideas: thinkers across cultures. Compare the lives of mathematicians, philosophers, physicians and historians across several intellectual traditions.

Iberia: kingdoms, caliphates and dynastic unions: Iberia: kingdoms, caliphates and dynastic unions. A political overview of Christian and Muslim Iberia, including Portugal, Navarre, the taifa kingdoms and the dynastic unions.

Earth: 4.6 billion years of development: Earth: 4.6 billion years of development. Explore the hierarchy of geological time from the Hadean to the present, with context on oceans, life and changing ecosystems.

Life’s changing world: the Phanerozoic: Life’s changing world: the Phanerozoic. A detailed geological framework for the last 539 million years, from the Cambrian diversification to the present.

After the dinosaurs: the Cenozoic: After the dinosaurs: the Cenozoic. Study the periods, epochs and ages of the last 66 million years in a focused geological timeline.

The Bible: texts, transmission and translation: The Bible: texts, transmission and translation. Selected texts, events and developments in Judaism & Christianity.

Biblical events and their historical setting: Biblical events and their historical setting. Selected texts, events and developments in Judaism & Christianity.

Judaism: temples, texts and communities: Judaism: temples, texts and communities. Selected texts, events and developments in Judaism.

Islam: revelation, community and scholarship: Islam: revelation, community and scholarship. Selected texts, events and developments in Islam.

Buddhism: teachings, transmission and traditions: Buddhism: teachings, transmission and traditions. Selected texts, events and developments in Buddhism.

Hindu, Jain and Sikh traditions: texts and teachers: Hindu, Jain and Sikh traditions: texts and teachers. Selected texts, events and developments in Hinduism, Jainism & Sikhism.

Chart library